The Threshold & Ionization Frequencies
in Relation to Light and Bohr Atomic Model
Author: Pierre Lesbros
pierreles@excite.co.uk
or pierreles@excite.com
Abstract:
The threshold
frequency and its relevant parameters and equations in reference to ionization
energy in relation to the Bohr atom model and light, are presented in this
paper.
Keywords:
threshold frequency, light, Bohr atom, atomic weight.
Introduction:
I am presenting these results to scientists in
quantum physics, particle physics, and nuclear physics. They are about the threshold frequency and
its parameters, and about the ionization energy, both questions dealt on in
their rapport to the Bohr's atom model and to light.
The Threshold Frequency Formula:
According to my research, the formula for the threshold frequency is given by:
F(t) = r2 x F(l) x
0.128 x (atw)½ /S(Bohr)
Where:
F(t) = threshold frequency
atw = atomic weight
S = surface of that element such as in PI x r2
= surface, and whereby n is the number of the energy level corresponding
the orbit of the valence electron(s) of that element.
F(1) = the frequency of light taken at 5x1014 Hz.
0.128 = an algebraically determined constant
that was found at one point of differentiation in the parent formula.
r =
1.7x10-9m in its first power and corresponds to the distance traveled
by an electron that is hit by a photon of energy equal to F(l) that has been
converted into kinetic energy.
When all the constants have been calculated, the formula
simplifies to:
F(t)= 1.849x10-4 x
atw½ / S(B)
Please note that the Bohr radius is taken at 4 significant
digits, and that the result of this equation thus also has 4 significant digits too.
This formula shows the relationship between the atomic weight, the surface of an atom as calculated from the Bohr's atom model, and the threshold
frequency.
Application to hydrogen (H):
F(H)
= 1,849x10-4 x 1.00794½
/ (8.82x10-21)
F(H)
= 2.1x1016 Hz
Application to potassium (K):
F(K)
= 1.849x10-4 x 39.00983½/
(2.26x10-18)
F(K)
= 5.1x1014 Hz
The
Ionization Frequency:
My research work shows that the
ionization frequency formula is given by:
F(i) = PI
x F(l) x ( m1- m2) /(m1 x m2)
By
convention, I will write the expression between brackets as the "module of
m" (i.e. [m]).
F(i) = the ionization frequency
In this formula, the constant parameters are:
PI = 3.14 ...
F(l) = 5x1014 Hz
The variables are m1 and m2, and they combine in the form of a quotient as noted
above. The whole value of their sum is in radians at the power -1.
Let's look at these m parameters separately:
Firstly, m1 is a per atom value that is inversely proportional to the atom's threshold
frequency, all values in the numerator are constant ones:
m1 = PI
x F(l) / F(t)
In such a way, m1 does not depend on m2 nor does it depend on n, the energy level
number.
Its value is actually typical of the rest state of an atom but also of its excited state when the electron(s) reach the continuum levels of energy.
However, there is a defined value of m2 which depends on m1 and on n, in the following way:
m2 = n2 x m1 / (2m1 + n2)
Since m1 is a per atom value fixed value, m2 depends on n only and has a quantified
value for every energy level. Besides, if m1 has 4 significant
digits because F(t) has 4 significant digits, m2 varies according to the integer n and its number of significant
digits varies with the proportion of the importance of variable n against m1 in the final value of m2.
In that respect, m2 will be displayed with 5 digits, but the 5th one will be between brackets.
In its application to hydrogen (H) the calculation of m1 and of m2 to define [m]
is shown below:
m1 = PI x F(l) / F(H) = PI x 5x1014 / (2.109 x 1016) =
0.0745
m2 = n2 x m1 / (2m1 + n2)
By putting these values of m2 and of [m] into a chart with the corresponding n levels of
energy we get:
n 1
2 3
4 5
6
7 8
m2 0.065(2) 0.072 0.073(8)
0.074(3) 0.074(6) 0.074(7)
0.074(8) 0.0748
[m] 2
0.556 0.217
0.126
0.072
0.054
0.036 0.036
These values for [m] were calculated for hydrogen, but other atoms (with other m1 and
m2 values) give same [m] values for the first levels generally. For
example, with potassium, m1=3.058 and m2 (n=3) = 1.820(6) hence [m] =
0.222. For the same n, chlorine's m1 value would be : 3.192 and m2 would be
1.867, yielding a final value for [m] of 0.222 as well. But separate calculations for these atoms also show that the continuum
states are reached, for hydrogen, from n=7 and onwards, for potassium, from n=7 and
onwards, and for chlorine that is when m2 tends towards the value of m1.
I can therefore calculate the ionization energy for every energy level of a given atom and the change in energy due to a "jump" of the electron between
two levels. For hydrogen, the results obtained from the formula given above, are always
very close to those which are obtained from the Bohr's atomic model, which uses Coulomb's force law.
The discrepancies are within an average 7.5% margin from the results from the
-13.6/n2 formula.
Example:
dE(4-2) is the change in energy of 1 electron jumping from the
4th to the 2nd level.
dE = (F4 - F2) x h ,whereby F4 and F2 are the ionization frequencies for the 4th and
2nd levels respectively, and h is Plank's constant.
Reading from the above chart to find [m] for the two different
levels, I can calculate F4 and F2 easily, and go through the calculation of dE.
(F4-F2)
x h = (1.979x1014 - 8.734x1014)x h = -4.476 x 10-19 J =
2.79 eV
Here,
the positive sign shows that energy is radiated.
The results shows a 10% discrepancy. This is not invalidating my formula at
all, as the Coulomb's force law utilizes the value of the permittivity of emptiness to the
square, and there is no proof that the reference is not 10% in error when applying to the interspace between
the nuclei and electrons in an atom. In fact, I have calculated the energies of an electron in the Bohr's atom
model without resorting to any of the fundamental equations in electro-magnetism.
Since the formula based upon [m] and F(l) renders the values of the change in energy due to the jumps between the Bohr's
orbits, and since m2 is quantified, it belongs to quantum mechanics.
The Parent Formula:
It comes from my research work that the parent and macro scale formula is :
T = r2 x m / (S x F(l))
In this initial formula, T is in seconds and is the duration of a period of time witnessing the phased displacement of the m electrons in the numerator.
In the denominator, S is the surface in square meters, and r is the average spacing between the electrons of that given
element. In the understanding of how these charges are displaced under the action of
light, F(l) has the value of 5x1014 Hz.
Conclusion:
Both the threshold and the
ionization frequencies formulae show the Bohr atomic model formulae being
rewritten from a new ground that does not use any of the classical or electro-magnetism
physics energy expressions. Fundamental links have emerged such as that of
atomic weight and
threshold frequency, in harmony with the Bohr's model and with the frequency of
light at 5x1014 Hz.
Another link is fundamental, that between the macro and the micro scale through
the differentiation of the parent formula. The m module raises the interesting question of the wave-particle
duality as analytically, the wave particle duality
can be apprehended through one single mathematical expression. In my
opinion, this is the main aspect and interest of the formulae, offering the
opportunity for multiple applications and further theoretical developments.
This formula shows the relationship between
atomic weight, the surface of an atom as calculated from Bohr's atom model, and
the threshold frequency. The result is, there seems to be here a more
powerful tool providing the Bohr's atom model with the means to seize,
quantify, and analyze experimental data or the atomic energy processing
workings, in line with its postulates.